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45 aspirin COVID-19 controlled studies, 3 RCTs
67% improvement
for early treatment, RR
0.33
[0.01-7.96]
https://c19aspirin.com/meta.html
0
0.5
1
1.5+
All studies
14%
44
120,131
Improvement, Studies, Patients
Relative Risk
Mortality
13%
39
106,422
Ventilation
5%
8
33,775
ICU admission
-13%
7
3,103
Hospitalization
-2%
4
3,475
Progression
13%
4
1,406
Recovery
9%
3
16,018
Cases
13%
6
10,749
Viral clearance
9%
2
710
RCTs
7%
3
16,256
RCT mortality
8%
2
15,976
Peer-reviewed
14%
40
96,042
Prophylaxis
9%
22
93,296
Early
67%
1
280
Late
20%
21
26,555
Aspirin for COVID-19
c19aspirin.com May 2022
Favors aspirin
Favors control
after exclusions
• Statistically significant improvement is seen for
mortality . 20 studies from 8 different countries show statistically significant
improvements in isolation (15 for the most serious outcome).
• Results are robust — in exclusion sensitivity analysis 14 of 44
studies must be excluded to avoid finding statistically significant efficacy
in pooled analysis.
0
0.5
1
1.5+
All studies
14%
44
120,131
Improvement, Studies, Patients
Relative Risk
Mortality
13%
39
106,422
Ventilation
5%
8
33,775
ICU admission
-13%
7
3,103
Hospitalization
-2%
4
3,475
Progression
13%
4
1,406
Recovery
9%
3
16,018
Cases
13%
6
10,749
Viral clearance
9%
2
710
RCTs
7%
3
16,256
RCT mortality
8%
2
15,976
Peer-reviewed
14%
40
96,042
Prophylaxis
9%
22
93,296
Early
67%
1
280
Late
20%
21
26,555
Aspirin for COVID-19
c19aspirin.com May 2022
Favors aspirin
Favors control
after exclusions
• Studies to date do not show a significant benefit for mechanical ventilation and ICU admission.
Benefit may be more likely without coadministered anticoagulants. The
RECOVERY RCT shows
4%
[-4‑11%]
lower mortality for all patients, however when restricting to non-LMWH
patients there was 17%
[-4‑34%] improvement,
consistent with the mortality results of
all studies ,
13%
[6‑19%] ,
and the 16% improvement in the REMAP-CAP RCT.
• While many treatments have some level
of efficacy, they do not replace vaccines and other measures to avoid
infection.
Only 5% of aspirin
studies show zero events in the treatment arm.
Multiple treatments are typically used
in combination, and
other treatments
are significantly more effective.
• No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100%
available and effective for all variants. All practical, effective, and safe
means should be used.
Denying the efficacy of treatments increases mortality, morbidity, collateral
damage, and endemic risk.
• All data to reproduce this paper and
sources are in the
appendix .
[Banaser ] present another meta analysis for aspirin, showing significant improvements for mortality and mechanical ventilation.
Highlights
We show traditional outcome specific analyses and combined
evidence from all studies, incorporating treatment delay, a primary
confounding factor in COVID-19 studies.
A
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Connors (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-7.96]
hosp.
0/144
1/136
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.5
Early treatment
67%
0.33 [0.01-7.96]
0/144
1/136
67% improvement
Alamdari
-28%
1.28 [0.67-2.43]
death
9/53
54/406
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Husain
80%
0.20 [0.01-3.55]
death
0/11
3/31
Goshua (PSM)
35%
0.65 [0.42-0.98]
death
319 (n)
319 (n)
Meizlish (PSM)
48%
0.52 [0.34-0.81]
death
319 (n)
319 (n)
Liu (PSM)
75%
0.25 [0.07-0.87]
death
2/28
11/204
Mura (PSM)
15%
0.85 [0.69-1.01]
death
527 (n)
527 (n)
Chow
47%
0.53 [0.31-0.90]
death
26/98
73/314
Haji Aghajani
25%
0.75 [0.57-0.99]
death
336 (n)
655 (n)
Elhadi (ICU)
10%
0.90 [0.67-1.21]
death
22/40
259/425
ICU patients
Sahai (PSM)
13%
0.87 [0.56-1.34]
death
33/248
38/248
Pourhoseingholi
-32%
1.32 [1.02-1.71]
death
71/290
268/2,178
Vahedian-Azimi
22%
0.78 [0.33-1.74]
death
13/337
28/250
Abdelwahab
-8%
1.08 [0.15-3.82]
ventilation
11/31
6/36
Karruli (ICU)
46%
0.54 [0.09-3.13]
death
1/5
22/27
ICU patients
Al Harthi (PSM)
27%
0.73 [0.56-0.97]
death
98/176
107/173
Kim (PSM)
34%
0.66 [0.36-1.23]
death
14/124
23/135
Zhao
43%
0.57 [0.41-0.78]
death
121/473
140/473
RECOVERY (RCT)
4%
0.96 [0.89-1.04]
death
7,351 (n)
7,541 (n)
Mustafa
44%
0.56 [0.21-1.51]
death
4/66
41/378
Bradbury (RCT)
16%
0.84 [0.70-1.00]
death
165/563
170/521
Chow (IPW)
13%
0.87 [0.81-0.93]
death
Tau2 = 0.02, I2 = 66.2%, p < 0.0001
Late treatment
20%
0.80 [0.73-0.89]
590/11,395
1,243/15,160
20% improvement
Huh
71%
0.29 [0.14-0.58]
cases
population-based cohort
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Wang
58%
0.42 [0.01-1.98]
death
1/9
13/49
Yuan
4%
0.96 [0.47-1.72]
death
11/52
29/131
Osborne (PSM)
59%
0.41 [0.35-0.48]
death
272/6,300
661/6,300
Merzon
28%
0.72 [0.53-0.99]
cases
73/1,621
589/8,856
Mulhem
-14%
1.14 [0.93-1.40]
death
300/1,354
216/1,865
Pan
-13%
1.13 [0.70-1.82]
death
239 (n)
523 (n)
Oh
1%
0.99 [0.65-1.50]
death
n/a
n/a
Son (PSM)
24%
0.76 [0.34-1.71]
death
case control
Ma (PSM)
9%
0.91 [0.82-1.02]
death
Chow (PSM)
19%
0.81 [0.76-0.87]
death
1,280/6,781
2,271/10,566
Kim (PSM)
-700%
8.00 [1.07-59.6]
death
6/15
1/20
Basheer
-13%
1.13 [1.05-1.21]
death
45/140
29/250
Sisinni
-7%
1.07 [0.89-1.29]
death
93/253
251/731
Pérez-Segura
-49%
1.49 [1.20-1.80]
death
66/155
183/608
Sullerot (IPW)
-10%
1.10 [0.81-1.49]
death
101/301
224/746
Monserrat V.. (PSM)
-31%
1.31 [1.01-1.71]
death
n/a
n/a
Levy
26%
0.74 [0.49-1.10]
death/hosp.
29/159
178/690
Nimer
4%
0.96 [0.69-1.33]
hosp.
83/427
136/1,721
Gogtay
-6%
1.06 [0.51-1.89]
death
12/38
21/87
Campbell (IPW)
3%
0.97 [0.95-1.00]
death
419 (n)
20,311 (n)
Lal
11%
0.89 [0.82-0.97]
death
4,691 (n)
16,888 (n)
Tau2 = 0.05, I2 = 90.8%, p = 0.11
Prophylaxis
9%
0.91 [0.81-1.02]
2,372/22,954
4,802/70,342
9% improvement
All studies
14%
0.86 [0.80-0.93]
2,962/34,493
6,046/85,638
14% improvement
44 aspirin COVID-19 studies
c19aspirin.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.03, I2 = 85.5%, p < 0.0001
Effect extraction pre-specified (most serious outcome, see appendix)
Favors aspirin
Favors control
B
C
Figure 1. A. Random effects
meta-analysis. This plot shows pooled effects, discussion can be found in the heterogeneity section,
and results for specific outcomes can be found in the individual outcome analyses.
Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported.
For details of effect extraction see the
appendix .
B. Scatter plot showing the
distribution of effects reported in studies.
C. History of all reported
effects (chronological within treatment stages).
Introduction
We analyze all significant studies
concerning the use of
aspirin
for COVID-19.
Search methods, inclusion criteria, effect
extraction criteria (more serious outcomes have priority), all individual
study data, PRISMA answers, and statistical methods are detailed in
Appendix 1 . We present random effects meta-analysis results for all
studies, for studies within each treatment stage, for individual outcomes, for
peer-reviewed studies, for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), and after
exclusions.
Figure 2 shows stages of possible treatment for
COVID-19.
Prophylaxis refers to regularly taking medication before
becoming sick, in order to prevent or minimize infection.
Early
Treatment refers to treatment immediately or soon after symptoms appear,
while
Late Treatment refers to more delayed treatment.
Results
Figure 3 shows a visual overview of the results, with details in
Table 1 and
Table 2 .
Figure
4 ,
5 ,
6 ,
7 ,
8 ,
9 ,
10 ,
11 ,
12 , and
13
show forest plots for a random effects meta-analysis of
all studies with pooled effects, mortality results, ventilation, ICU admission, hospitalization, progression, recovery, cases, viral clearance, and peer reviewed studies.
0
0.5
1
1.5+
ALL STUDIES
MORTALITY
VENTILATION
ICU ADMISSION
HOSPITALIZATION
PROGRESSION
RECOVERY
CASES
VIRAL CLEARANCE
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
RCT MORTALITY
PEER-REVIEWED
After Exclusions
ALL STUDIES
All
Prophylaxis
Early
Late
Aspirin for COVID-19
C19ASPIRIN.COM MAY 2022
Treatment time Number of studies reporting positive effects
Total number of studies Percentage of studies reporting positive effects
Random effects meta-analysis results
Early treatment
1
1
100%
67% improvement
RR 0.33 [0.01‑7.96]
p = 0.5
Late treatment
18
21
85.7%
20% improvement
RR 0.80 [0.73‑0.89]
p < 0.0001
Prophylaxis
13
22
59.1%
9% improvement
RR 0.91 [0.81‑1.02]
p = 0.11
All studies
32
44
72.7%
14% improvement
RR 0.86 [0.80‑0.93]
p < 0.0001
Table 1. Results by treatment stage.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Connors (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-7.96]
hosp.
0/144
1/136
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.5
Early treatment
67%
0.33 [0.01-7.96]
0/144
1/136
67% improvement
Alamdari
-28%
1.28 [0.67-2.43]
death
9/53
54/406
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Husain
80%
0.20 [0.01-3.55]
death
0/11
3/31
Goshua (PSM)
35%
0.65 [0.42-0.98]
death
319 (n)
319 (n)
Meizlish (PSM)
48%
0.52 [0.34-0.81]
death
319 (n)
319 (n)
Liu (PSM)
75%
0.25 [0.07-0.87]
death
2/28
11/204
Mura (PSM)
15%
0.85 [0.69-1.01]
death
527 (n)
527 (n)
Chow
47%
0.53 [0.31-0.90]
death
26/98
73/314
Haji Aghajani
25%
0.75 [0.57-0.99]
death
336 (n)
655 (n)
Elhadi (ICU)
10%
0.90 [0.67-1.21]
death
22/40
259/425
ICU patients
Sahai (PSM)
13%
0.87 [0.56-1.34]
death
33/248
38/248
Pourhoseingholi
-32%
1.32 [1.02-1.71]
death
71/290
268/2,178
Vahedian-Azimi
22%
0.78 [0.33-1.74]
death
13/337
28/250
Abdelwahab
-8%
1.08 [0.15-3.82]
ventilation
11/31
6/36
Karruli (ICU)
46%
0.54 [0.09-3.13]
death
1/5
22/27
ICU patients
Al Harthi (PSM)
27%
0.73 [0.56-0.97]
death
98/176
107/173
Kim (PSM)
34%
0.66 [0.36-1.23]
death
14/124
23/135
Zhao
43%
0.57 [0.41-0.78]
death
121/473
140/473
RECOVERY (RCT)
4%
0.96 [0.89-1.04]
death
7,351 (n)
7,541 (n)
Mustafa
44%
0.56 [0.21-1.51]
death
4/66
41/378
Bradbury (RCT)
16%
0.84 [0.70-1.00]
death
165/563
170/521
Chow (IPW)
13%
0.87 [0.81-0.93]
death
Tau2 = 0.02, I2 = 66.2%, p < 0.0001
Late treatment
20%
0.80 [0.73-0.89]
590/11,395
1,243/15,160
20% improvement
Huh
71%
0.29 [0.14-0.58]
cases
population-based cohort
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Wang
58%
0.42 [0.01-1.98]
death
1/9
13/49
Yuan
4%
0.96 [0.47-1.72]
death
11/52
29/131
Osborne (PSM)
59%
0.41 [0.35-0.48]
death
272/6,300
661/6,300
Merzon
28%
0.72 [0.53-0.99]
cases
73/1,621
589/8,856
Mulhem
-14%
1.14 [0.93-1.40]
death
300/1,354
216/1,865
Pan
-13%
1.13 [0.70-1.82]
death
239 (n)
523 (n)
Oh
1%
0.99 [0.65-1.50]
death
n/a
n/a
Son (PSM)
24%
0.76 [0.34-1.71]
death
case control
Ma (PSM)
9%
0.91 [0.82-1.02]
death
Chow (PSM)
19%
0.81 [0.76-0.87]
death
1,280/6,781
2,271/10,566
Kim (PSM)
-700%
8.00 [1.07-59.6]
death
6/15
1/20
Basheer
-13%
1.13 [1.05-1.21]
death
45/140
29/250
Sisinni
-7%
1.07 [0.89-1.29]
death
93/253
251/731
Pérez-Segura
-49%
1.49 [1.20-1.80]
death
66/155
183/608
Sullerot (IPW)
-10%
1.10 [0.81-1.49]
death
101/301
224/746
Monserrat V.. (PSM)
-31%
1.31 [1.01-1.71]
death
n/a
n/a
Levy
26%
0.74 [0.49-1.10]
death/hosp.
29/159
178/690
Nimer
4%
0.96 [0.69-1.33]
hosp.
83/427
136/1,721
Gogtay
-6%
1.06 [0.51-1.89]
death
12/38
21/87
Campbell (IPW)
3%
0.97 [0.95-1.00]
death
419 (n)
20,311 (n)
Lal
11%
0.89 [0.82-0.97]
death
4,691 (n)
16,888 (n)
Tau2 = 0.05, I2 = 90.8%, p = 0.11
Prophylaxis
9%
0.91 [0.81-1.02]
2,372/22,954
4,802/70,342
9% improvement
All studies
14%
0.86 [0.80-0.93]
2,962/34,493
6,046/85,638
14% improvement
44 aspirin COVID-19 studies
c19aspirin.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.03, I2 = 85.5%, p < 0.0001
Effect extraction pre-specified (most serious outcome, see appendix)
Favors aspirin
Favors control
Figure 4. Random effects meta-analysis for all studies with pooled effects.
This plot shows pooled effects, discussion can be found in the heterogeneity section,
and results for specific outcomes can be found in the individual outcome analyses.
Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported.
For details of effect extraction see the
appendix .
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Alamdari
-28%
1.28 [0.67-2.43]
9/53
54/406
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Husain
80%
0.20 [0.01-3.55]
0/11
3/31
Goshua (PSM)
35%
0.65 [0.42-0.98]
319 (n)
319 (n)
Meizlish (PSM)
48%
0.52 [0.34-0.81]
319 (n)
319 (n)
Liu (PSM)
75%
0.25 [0.07-0.87]
2/28
11/204
Mura (PSM)
15%
0.85 [0.69-1.01]
527 (n)
527 (n)
Chow
47%
0.53 [0.31-0.90]
26/98
73/314
Haji Aghajani
25%
0.75 [0.57-0.99]
336 (n)
655 (n)
Elhadi (ICU)
10%
0.90 [0.67-1.21]
22/40
259/425
ICU patients
Sahai (PSM)
13%
0.87 [0.56-1.34]
33/248
38/248
Pourhoseingholi
-32%
1.32 [1.02-1.71]
71/290
268/2,178
Vahedian-Azimi
22%
0.78 [0.33-1.74]
13/337
28/250
Karruli (ICU)
46%
0.54 [0.09-3.13]
1/5
22/27
ICU patients
Al Harthi (PSM)
27%
0.73 [0.56-0.97]
98/176
107/173
Kim (PSM)
34%
0.66 [0.36-1.23]
14/124
23/135
Zhao
43%
0.57 [0.41-0.78]
121/473
140/473
RECOVERY (RCT)
4%
0.96 [0.89-1.04]
7,351 (n)
7,541 (n)
Mustafa
44%
0.56 [0.21-1.51]
4/66
41/378
Bradbury (RCT)
16%
0.84 [0.70-1.00]
165/563
170/521
Chow (IPW)
13%
0.87 [0.81-0.93]
Tau2 = 0.02, I2 = 67.8%, p < 0.0001
Late treatment
20%
0.80 [0.72-0.88]
579/11,364
1,237/15,124
20% improvement
Wang
58%
0.42 [0.01-1.98]
1/9
13/49
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Yuan
4%
0.96 [0.47-1.72]
11/52
29/131
Osborne (PSM)
59%
0.41 [0.35-0.48]
272/6,300
661/6,300
Merzon
62%
0.38 [0.02-4.94]
1/21
6/91
Mulhem
-14%
1.14 [0.93-1.40]
300/1,354
216/1,865
Pan
-13%
1.13 [0.70-1.82]
239 (n)
523 (n)
Oh
1%
0.99 [0.65-1.50]
n/a
n/a
Son (PSM)
24%
0.76 [0.34-1.71]
case control
Ma (PSM)
9%
0.91 [0.82-1.02]
Chow (PSM)
19%
0.81 [0.76-0.87]
1,280/6,781
2,271/10,566
Kim (PSM)
-700%
8.00 [1.07-59.6]
6/15
1/20
Basheer
-13%
1.13 [1.05-1.21]
45/140
29/250
Sisinni
-7%
1.07 [0.89-1.29]
93/253
251/731
Pérez-Segura
-49%
1.49 [1.20-1.80]
66/155
183/608
Sullerot (IPW)
-10%
1.10 [0.81-1.49]
101/301
224/746
Monserrat V.. (PSM)
-31%
1.31 [1.01-1.71]
n/a
n/a
Gogtay
-6%
1.06 [0.51-1.89]
12/38
21/87
Campbell (IPW)
3%
0.97 [0.95-1.00]
419 (n)
20,311 (n)
Lal
11%
0.89 [0.82-0.97]
4,691 (n)
16,888 (n)
Tau2 = 0.05, I2 = 91.6%, p = 0.47
Prophylaxis
5%
0.95 [0.84-1.08]
2,188/20,768
3,905/59,166
5% improvement
All studies
13%
0.87 [0.81-0.94]
2,767/32,132
5,142/74,290
13% improvement
39 aspirin COVID-19 mortality results
c19aspirin.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.03, I2 = 86.5%, p = 0.00072
Favors aspirin
Favors control
Figure 5. Random effects meta-analysis for mortality results.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Goshua (PSM)
-49%
1.49 [1.03-2.18]
319 (n)
319 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Chow
44%
0.56 [0.37-0.85]
35/98
152/314
Abdelwahab
-8%
1.08 [0.15-3.82]
11/31
6/36
Kim (PSM)
-102%
2.02 [0.83-4.90]
13/124
7/135
RECOVERY (RCT)
5%
0.95 [0.87-1.05]
7,351 (n)
7,541 (n)
Tau2 = 0.12, I2 = 81.0%, p = 0.94
Late treatment
-2%
1.02 [0.70-1.47]
59/7,923
165/8,345
-2% improvement
Chow (PSM)
3%
0.97 [0.93-1.02]
2,122/6,781
3,403/10,566
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Kim (PSM)
-433%
5.33 [0.66-43.0]
4/15
1/20
Gogtay
50%
0.50 [0.18-1.22]
5/38
21/87
Tau2 = 0.23, I2 = 56.9%, p = 0.88
Prophylaxis
6%
0.94 [0.45-1.95]
2,131/6,834
3,425/10,673
6% improvement
All studies
5%
0.95 [0.80-1.12]
2,190/14,757
3,590/19,018
5% improvement
8 aspirin COVID-19 mechanical ventilation results
c19aspirin.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.02, I2 = 73.4%, p = 0.54
Favors aspirin
Favors control
Figure 6. Random effects meta-analysis for ventilation.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Goshua (PSM)
-45%
1.45 [1.06-1.98]
319 (n)
319 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Chow
43%
0.57 [0.38-0.85]
38/98
160/314
Vahedian-Azimi
-10%
1.10 [0.68-1.68]
36/337
44/250
Kim (PSM)
-91%
1.91 [0.57-6.35]
7/124
4/135
Tau2 = 0.25, I2 = 86.4%, p = 0.87
Late treatment
-5%
1.05 [0.60-1.84]
81/878
208/1,018
-5% improvement
Kim (PSM)
-433%
5.33 [0.66-43.0]
4/15
1/20
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Sullerot (IPW)
-110%
2.10 [1.21-3.64]
22/301
26/746
Gogtay
49%
0.51 [0.06-1.46]
9/38
38/87
Tau2 = 0.91, I2 = 85.0%, p = 0.58
Prophylaxis
-43%
1.43 [0.41-4.95]
35/354
65/853
-43% improvement
All studies
-13%
1.13 [0.70-1.83]
116/1,232
273/1,871
-13% improvement
7 aspirin COVID-19 ICU results
c19aspirin.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.30, I2 = 83.7%, p = 0.63
Favors aspirin
Favors control
Figure 7. Random effects meta-analysis for ICU admission.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Connors (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-7.96]
hosp.
0/144
1/136
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.5
Early treatment
67%
0.33 [0.01-7.96]
0/144
1/136
67% improvement
Ma (PSM)
2%
0.98 [0.92-1.04]
hosp.
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Sullerot (IPW)
-10%
1.10 [1.01-1.20]
hosp. time
301 (n)
746 (n)
Nimer
4%
0.96 [0.69-1.33]
hosp.
83/427
136/1,721
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 63.2%, p = 0.63
Prophylaxis
-2%
1.02 [0.93-1.12]
83/728
136/2,467
-2% improvement
All studies
-2%
1.02 [0.94-1.12]
83/872
137/2,603
-2% improvement
4 aspirin COVID-19 hospitalization results
c19aspirin.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 49.3%, p = 0.62
Favors aspirin
Favors control
Figure 8. Random effects meta-analysis for hospitalization.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Connors (DB RCT)
19%
0.81 [0.28-2.35]
6/144
7/136
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.71
Early treatment
19%
0.81 [0.28-2.35]
6/144
7/136
19% improvement
Husain
96%
0.04 [0.00-0.64]
0/11
17/31
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Bradbury (RCT)
21%
0.79 [0.65-0.96]
204/563
212/521
Tau2 = 3.36, I2 = 77.5%, p = 0.34
Late treatment
75%
0.25 [0.02-4.19]
204/574
229/552
75% improvement
Son (PSM)
-7%
1.07 [0.65-1.75]
case control
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.44
Prophylaxis
-7%
1.07 [0.65-1.75]
-7% improvement
All studies
13%
0.87 [0.62-1.21]
210/718
236/688
13% improvement
4 aspirin COVID-19 progression results
c19aspirin.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.06, I2 = 74.5%, p = 0.41
Favors aspirin
Favors control
Figure 9. Random effects meta-analysis for progression.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Husain
65%
0.35 [0.05-2.51]
no recov.
1/11
8/31
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
RECOVERY (RCT)
6%
0.94 [0.91-0.98]
no disch.
7,351 (n)
7,541 (n)
Bradbury (RCT)
17%
0.83 [0.67-1.02]
no disch.
161/563
167/521
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 27.6%, p = 0.087
Late treatment
9%
0.91 [0.82-1.01]
162/7,925
175/8,093
9% improvement
All studies
9%
0.91 [0.82-1.01]
162/7,925
175/8,093
9% improvement
3 aspirin COVID-19 recovery results
c19aspirin.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 27.6%, p = 0.087
Favors aspirin
Favors control
Figure 10. Random effects meta-analysis for recovery.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Huh
71%
0.29 [0.14-0.58]
cases
population-based cohort
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Merzon
28%
0.72 [0.53-0.99]
cases
73/1,621
589/8,856
Oh
12%
0.88 [0.79-0.99]
cases
n/a
n/a
Son (PSM)
-11%
1.11 [0.94-1.30]
cases
case control
Ma (PSM)
-9%
1.09 [0.96-1.25]
symp. case