Aspirin for COVID-19: real-time analysis of all 23 studies

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Database of all aspirin COVID-19 studies. Submit updates/corrections.

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Nov 18	Late	RECOVERY Collaborative Group, The Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01825-0 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓4.0%, p=0.35	Aspirin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial
	Details RCT 14,892 late stage patients, 7,351 treated with aspirin, showing slightly improved discharge and hospitalization time, and no significant difference for mortality. Results are limited due to low dose (150mg daily), late treatment (9 d..
Nov 18	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	RECOVERY Collaborative Group, The Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01825-0 (Peer Reviewed)
	Aspirin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial
	RCT 14,892 late stage patients, 7,351 treated with aspirin, showing slightly improved discharge and hospitalization time, and no significant difference for mortality. Results are limited due to low dose (150mg daily), late treatment (9 days post symptom onset), and 96% concurrent use of low molecular weight heparin. Greater benefits were seen for non-LMWH patients, and for very late (<= 7 days from onset) vs. extremely late (>7 days) treatment. For more discussion see [1]. [1] twitter.com/Covid19Crusher/status/1461272964675031042 risk of death, 4.0% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.35, treatment 7,351, control 7,541. risk of death, 17.0% lower, RR 0.83, p = 0.35, treatment 7,351, control 7,541, non-LMWH. risk of mechanical ventilation, 5.0% lower, RR 0.95, p = 0.32, treatment 7,351, control 7,541. risk of no hospital discharge, 5.7% lower, RR 0.94, p = 0.006, treatment 7,351, control 7,541. risk of no hospital discharge, 16.0% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.04, treatment 7,351, control 7,541, non-LMWH. hospitalization time, 11.1% lower, relative time 0.89, treatment 7,351, control 7,541. RECOVERY et al., 11/18/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, 1 author.
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Oct 14	Late	Santoro et al., European Heart Journal, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.3002 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓71.0%, p<0.0001	Antiplatelet therapy and outcome in patients with COVID-19. Results from a multi-center international prospective registry (HOPE-COVID19)
	Details Retrospective database analysis of 7,824 patients in the HOPE-COVID19 registry, 730 receiving antiplatelet therapy including aspirin, showing lower mortality with treatment. Authors do not provide results restricted to aspirin.
Oct 14	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Santoro et al., European Heart Journal, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.3002 (Peer Reviewed)
	Antiplatelet therapy and outcome in patients with COVID-19. Results from a multi-center international prospective registry (HOPE-COVID19)
	Retrospective database analysis of 7,824 patients in the HOPE-COVID19 registry, 730 receiving antiplatelet therapy including aspirin, showing lower mortality with treatment. Authors do not provide results restricted to aspirin. risk of death, 71.0% lower, RR 0.29, p < 0.001, treatment 730, control 7,094, antiplatelet therapy, multivariable. Santoro et al., 10/14/2021, retrospective, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
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Oct 4	PrEPPEP	Pérez-Segura et al., Medicina Clínica, doi:10.1016/j.medcle.2021.02.010 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↑49.1%, p=0.0001	Prognostic factors at admission on patients with cancer and COVID-19: Analysis of HOPE registry data
	Details Retrospective 770 COVID-19 patients with cancer, showing increased mortality with aspirin use in unadjusted results.
Oct 4	Details Source PDF Prophylaxis study Prophylaxis study
	Pérez-Segura et al., Medicina Clínica, doi:10.1016/j.medcle.2021.02.010 (Peer Reviewed)
	Prognostic factors at admission on patients with cancer and COVID-19: Analysis of HOPE registry data
	Retrospective 770 COVID-19 patients with cancer, showing increased mortality with aspirin use in unadjusted results. risk of death, 49.1% higher, RR 1.49, p < 0.001, treatment 66 of 155 (42.6%), control 183 of 608 (30.1%), OR converted to RR. Pérez-Segura et al., 10/4/2021, retrospective, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, 23 authors.
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Oct 4	PrEPPEP	Sisinni et al., International Journal of Cardiology, doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.09.058 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↑7.1%, p=0.65	Pre-admission acetylsalicylic acid therapy and impact on in-hospital outcome in COVID-19 patients: The ASA-CARE study
	Details Retrospective 984 COVID-19 patients, 253 taking aspirin prior to admission, showing lower risk of respiratory support upgrade with treatment.
Oct 4	Details Source PDF Prophylaxis study Prophylaxis study
	Sisinni et al., International Journal of Cardiology, doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.09.058 (Peer Reviewed)
	Pre-admission acetylsalicylic acid therapy and impact on in-hospital outcome in COVID-19 patients: The ASA-CARE study
	Retrospective 984 COVID-19 patients, 253 taking aspirin prior to admission, showing lower risk of respiratory support upgrade with treatment. risk of death, 7.1% higher, RR 1.07, p = 0.65, treatment 93 of 253 (36.8%), control 251 of 731 (34.3%). risk of death or respiratory support upgrade, 30.3% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.01, treatment 253, control 731, multivariate. Sisinni et al., 10/4/2021, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 18 authors.
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Oct 2	PrEPPEP	Basheer et al., Metabolites, doi:10.3390/metabo11100679 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↑13.0%, p=0.0003	Clinical Predictors of Mortality and Critical Illness in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia
	Details Retrospective 390 hospitalized patients in Israel, showing higher risk of mortality with prior aspirin use. Details of the analysis are not provided.
Oct 2	Details Source PDF Prophylaxis study Prophylaxis study
	Basheer et al., Metabolites, doi:10.3390/metabo11100679 (Peer Reviewed)
	Clinical Predictors of Mortality and Critical Illness in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia
	Retrospective 390 hospitalized patients in Israel, showing higher risk of mortality with prior aspirin use. Details of the analysis are not provided. risk of death, 13.0% higher, RR 1.13, p < 0.001, treatment 45 of 140 (32.1%), control 29 of 250 (11.6%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, group sizes approximated (only percentages provided). Basheer et al., 10/2/2021, retrospective, Israel, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.
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Oct 1	Late	Zhao et al., Anesthesiology, doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000003999 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓43.0%, p=0.0006	Treatments Associated with Lower Mortality among Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
	Details Retrospective 2,070 hospitalized patients in the USA, showing lower mortality with aspirin treatment.
Oct 1	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Zhao et al., Anesthesiology, doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000003999 (Peer Reviewed)
	Treatments Associated with Lower Mortality among Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
	Retrospective 2,070 hospitalized patients in the USA, showing lower mortality with aspirin treatment. risk of death, 43.0% lower, RR 0.57, p < 0.001, treatment 121 of 473 (25.6%), control 140 of 473 (29.6%), adjusted, PSM. risk of death, 28.0% lower, RR 0.72, p = 0.03, treatment 473, control 1,597, adjusted, multivariable. Zhao et al., 10/1/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
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Sep 4	PrEPPEP	Kim et al., Medicina, doi:10.3390/medicina57090931 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↑700.0%, p=0.03	Aspirin Is Related to Worse Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19
	Details Retrospective database analysis of 22,660 patients tested for COVID-19 in South Korea. There was no significant difference in cases according to aspirin use. Aspirin use before COVID-19 was related to an increased death rate and aspirin u..
Sep 4	Details Source PDF Prophylaxis study Prophylaxis study
	Kim et al., Medicina, doi:10.3390/medicina57090931 (Peer Reviewed)
	Aspirin Is Related to Worse Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19
	Retrospective database analysis of 22,660 patients tested for COVID-19 in South Korea. There was no significant difference in cases according to aspirin use. Aspirin use before COVID-19 was related to an increased death rate and aspirin use after COVID-19 was related to a higher risk of oxygen therapy. risk of death, 700.0% higher, RR 8.00, p = 0.03, treatment 6 of 15 (40.0%), control 1 of 20 (5.0%), PSM, prior aspirin use. risk of mechanical ventilation, 433.3% higher, RR 5.33, p = 0.14, treatment 4 of 15 (26.7%), control 1 of 20 (5.0%), PSM, prior aspirin use. risk of ICU admission, 433.3% higher, RR 5.33, p = 0.14, treatment 4 of 15 (26.7%), control 1 of 20 (5.0%), PSM, prior aspirin use. risk of case, 33.4% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.29, treatment 15 of 136 (11.0%), control 20 of 136 (14.7%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, PSM, logistic regression, prior aspirin use. risk of death, 33.7% lower, RR 0.66, p = 0.22, treatment 14 of 124 (11.3%), control 23 of 135 (17.0%), PSM, aspirin treatment after diagnosis. risk of mechanical ventilation, 102.2% higher, RR 2.02, p = 0.16, treatment 13 of 124 (10.5%), control 7 of 135 (5.2%), PSM, aspirin treatment after diagnosis. risk of ICU admission, 90.5% higher, RR 1.91, p = 0.36, treatment 7 of 124 (5.6%), control 4 of 135 (3.0%), PSM, aspirin treatment after diagnosis. Kim et al., 9/4/2021, retrospective, propensity score matching, South Korea, Asia, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.
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Sep 3	Late	Al Harthi et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-872891/v1 (Preprint)	death, ↓27.0%, p=0.03	Evaluation of low-dose aspirin use among COVID-19 critically ill patients: A Multicenter Propensity Score Matched Study
	Details Retrospective 1,033 critical condition patients, showing lower in-hospital mortality with aspirin in PSM analysis. Patients receiving aspirin also had a higher risk of significant bleeding, although not reaching statistical significance. ..
Sep 3	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Al Harthi et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-872891/v1 (Preprint)
	Evaluation of low-dose aspirin use among COVID-19 critically ill patients: A Multicenter Propensity Score Matched Study
	Retrospective 1,033 critical condition patients, showing lower in-hospital mortality with aspirin in PSM analysis. Patients receiving aspirin also had a higher risk of significant bleeding, although not reaching statistical significance. Authors note that the use of aspirin during an ICU stay should be tailored to each patient. risk of death, 27.0% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.03, treatment 98 of 176 (55.7%), control 107 of 173 (61.8%), adjusted, in-hospital mortality, multivariable Cox proportional hazards. risk of death, 14.0% lower, RR 0.86, p = 0.30, treatment 95 of 176 (54.0%), control 97 of 175 (55.4%), adjusted, day 30, multivariable Cox proportional hazards. Al Harthi et al., 9/3/2021, retrospective, propensity score matching, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, preprint, 20 authors.
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Aug 29	PrEPPEP	Chow et al., Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, doi:10.1111/jth.15517 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓19.0%, p<0.005	Association of Pre-Hospital Antiplatelet Therapy with Survival in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis
	Details PSM retrospective 6,781 hospitalized patients ≥50 years old in the USA who were on pre-hospital antiplatelet therapy (84% aspirin), and 10,566 matched controls, showing lower mortality with treatment.
Aug 29	Details Source PDF Prophylaxis study Prophylaxis study
	Chow et al., Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, doi:10.1111/jth.15517 (Peer Reviewed)
	Association of Pre-Hospital Antiplatelet Therapy with Survival in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis
	PSM retrospective 6,781 hospitalized patients ≥50 years old in the USA who were on pre-hospital antiplatelet therapy (84% aspirin), and 10,566 matched controls, showing lower mortality with treatment. risk of death, 19.0% lower, RR 0.81, p < 0.005, treatment 1,280 of 6,781 (18.9%), control 2,271 of 10,566 (21.5%), adjusted, Kaplan Meier. risk of mechanical ventilation, 2.8% lower, RR 0.97, p = 0.21, treatment 2,122 of 6,781 (31.3%), control 3,403 of 10,566 (32.2%). Chow et al., 8/29/2021, retrospective, propensity score matching, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 12 authors.
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Jul 30	Late	Abdelwahab et al., Clinical Drug Investigation, doi:10.1007/s40261-021-01061-2 (Peer Reviewed)	ventilation, ↑7.8%, p=0.93	Acetylsalicylic Acid Compared with Enoxaparin for the Prevention of Thrombosis and Mechanical Ventilation in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
	Details Retrospective 225 hospitalized patients in Egypt, showing significantly lower thromboembolic events with aspirin treatment, but no significant difference in the need for mechanical ventilation.
Jul 30	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Abdelwahab et al., Clinical Drug Investigation, doi:10.1007/s40261-021-01061-2 (Peer Reviewed)
	Acetylsalicylic Acid Compared with Enoxaparin for the Prevention of Thrombosis and Mechanical Ventilation in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
	Retrospective 225 hospitalized patients in Egypt, showing significantly lower thromboembolic events with aspirin treatment, but no significant difference in the need for mechanical ventilation. risk of mechanical ventilation, 7.8% higher, RR 1.08, p = 0.93, treatment 11 of 31 (35.5%), control 6 of 36 (16.7%), adjusted, OR converted to RR. Abdelwahab et al., 7/30/2021, retrospective, Egypt, Africa, peer-reviewed, 17 authors.
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Jun 8	Late	Horby et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.21258132 (Preprint)	death, ↓4.0%, p=0.35	Aspirin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial
	Details RCT 14,892 very late stage (9 days from symptom onset) hospitalized patients, not showing a significant difference in mortality with treatment. A statistically significant increased chance of hospital discharge was found for treatment <= ..
Jun 8	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Horby et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.21258132 (Preprint)
	Aspirin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial
	RCT 14,892 very late stage (9 days from symptom onset) hospitalized patients, not showing a significant difference in mortality with treatment. A statistically significant increased chance of hospital discharge was found for treatment <= 7 days from symptom onset (supplement page 52). Only 7% of patients were not receiving thromboprophylaxis. Authors note that the lack of benefit seen may be because there was no significant additional benefit given the high rates of antithrombotic therapy with LMWH. Authors also note that potential benefit may depend on treatment delay, especially if thrombi had developed before admission. Lower RR is shown for patients not on LMWH (0.83), and patients treated <= 7 days from onset (0.93). Results restricted to earlier treatment times are not provided. Patients already receiving aspirin were excluded. NCT04381936. risk of death, 4.0% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.35, treatment 1,222 of 7,351 (16.6%), control 1,299 of 7,541 (17.2%). risk of death, 17.0% lower, RR 0.83, p = 0.11, treatment 129 of 466 (27.7%), control 169 of 513 (32.9%), no LMWH, supplement page 54. risk of death, 7.0% lower, RR 0.93, p = 0.25, treatment 1,222 of 7,351 (16.6%), control 1,299 of 7,541 (17.2%), <=7 days from onset, supplement page 52. risk of mechanical ventilation, 5.0% lower, RR 0.95, p = 0.32, treatment 772 of 6,993 (11.0%), control 829 of 7,169 (11.6%). Horby et al., 6/8/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, United Kingdom, Europe, preprint, 35 authors.
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May 19	Late	Sahai et al., Vascular Medicine, doi:10.1177/1358863X211012754 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓13.2%, p=0.53	Effect of aspirin on short-term outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19
	Details PSM retrospective 1,994 PCR+ patients in the USA, not showing a significant difference in mortality with aspirin treatment.
May 19	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Sahai et al., Vascular Medicine, doi:10.1177/1358863X211012754 (Peer Reviewed)
	Effect of aspirin on short-term outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19
	PSM retrospective 1,994 PCR+ patients in the USA, not showing a significant difference in mortality with aspirin treatment. risk of death, 13.2% lower, RR 0.87, p = 0.53, treatment 33 of 248 (13.3%), control 38 of 248 (15.3%). Sahai et al., 5/19/2021, retrospective, propensity score matching, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 18 authors.
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Apr 7	PrEPPEP	Mulhem et al., BMJ Open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042042 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↑13.9%, p=0.21	3219 hospitalised patients with COVID-19 in Southeast Michigan: a retrospective case cohort study
	Details Retrospective database analysis of 3,219 hospitalized patients in the USA. Very different results in the time period analysis (Table S2), and results significantly different to other studies for the same medications (e.g., heparin OR 3.06..
Apr 7	Details Source PDF Prophylaxis study Prophylaxis study
	Mulhem et al., BMJ Open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042042 (Peer Reviewed)
	3219 hospitalised patients with COVID-19 in Southeast Michigan: a retrospective case cohort study
	Retrospective database analysis of 3,219 hospitalized patients in the USA. Very different results in the time period analysis (Table S2), and results significantly different to other studies for the same medications (e.g., heparin OR 3.06 [2.44-3.83]) suggest significant confounding by indication and confounding by time. risk of death, 13.9% higher, RR 1.14, p = 0.21, treatment 300 of 1,354 (22.2%), control 216 of 1,865 (11.6%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, Table S1, logistic regression. Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis: substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely, substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically. Mulhem et al., 4/7/2021, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.
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Apr 1	Late	Chow et al., Anesthesia & Analgesia, doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000005292 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓47.0%, p=0.02	Aspirin Use Is Associated With Decreased Mechanical Ventilation, Intensive Care Unit Admission, and In-Hospital Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019
	Details Retrospective 412 hospitalized patients, 98 treated with aspirin, showing lower mortality, ventilation, and ICU admission with treatment.
Apr 1	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Chow et al., Anesthesia & Analgesia, doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000005292 (Peer Reviewed)
	Aspirin Use Is Associated With Decreased Mechanical Ventilation, Intensive Care Unit Admission, and In-Hospital Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019
	Retrospective 412 hospitalized patients, 98 treated with aspirin, showing lower mortality, ventilation, and ICU admission with treatment. risk of death, 47.0% lower, RR 0.53, p = 0.02, treatment 26 of 98 (26.5%), control 73 of 314 (23.2%), adjusted, Cox proportional hazards. risk of mechanical ventilation, 44.0% lower, RR 0.56, p = 0.007, treatment 35 of 98 (35.7%), control 152 of 314 (48.4%), adjusted, Cox proportional hazards. risk of ICU admission, 43.0% lower, RR 0.57, p = 0.007, treatment 38 of 98 (38.8%), control 160 of 314 (51.0%), adjusted, Cox proportional hazards. Chow et al., 4/1/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 38 authors.
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Mar 31	Late	Mura et al., Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00689-y (preprint 3/31/2021) (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓15.4%, p=0.08	Real-world evidence for improved outcomes with histamine antagonists and aspirin in 22,560 COVID-19 patients
	Details PSM retrospective TriNetX database analysis of 1,379 severe COVID-19 patients requiring respiratory support, showing lower mortality with aspirin (not reaching statistical significance) and famotidine, and improved results from the combin..
Mar 31	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Mura et al., Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00689-y (preprint 3/31/2021) (Peer Reviewed)
	Real-world evidence for improved outcomes with histamine antagonists and aspirin in 22,560 COVID-19 patients
	PSM retrospective TriNetX database analysis of 1,379 severe COVID-19 patients requiring respiratory support, showing lower mortality with aspirin (not reaching statistical significance) and famotidine, and improved results from the combination of both. risk of death, 15.4% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.08, treatment 527, control 527, OR converted to RR, aspirin only, control prevalence approximated with treatment prevalence, propensity score matching. risk of death, 37.3% lower, RR 0.63, p = 0.001, treatment 305, control 305, OR converted to RR, famotidine and aspirin, control prevalence approximated with treatment prevalence, propensity score matching. Mura et al., 3/31/2021, retrospective, database analysis, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
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Feb 23	PrEPPEP	Merzon et al., The FEBS Journal, doi:10.1111/febs.15784 (Peer Reviewed)	cases, ↓27.6%, p=0.04	The use of aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease is associated with a lower likelihood of COVID-19 infection
	Details Retrospective 10,477 patients in Israel, showing lower risk of COVID-19 cases with existing aspiring use.
Feb 23	Details Source PDF Prophylaxis study Prophylaxis study
	Merzon et al., The FEBS Journal, doi:10.1111/febs.15784 (Peer Reviewed)
	The use of aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease is associated with a lower likelihood of COVID-19 infection
	Retrospective 10,477 patients in Israel, showing lower risk of COVID-19 cases with existing aspiring use. risk of case, 27.6% lower, RR 0.72, p = 0.04, treatment 73 of 1,621 (4.5%), control 589 of 8,856 (6.7%), adjusted, OR converted to RR. risk of death, 62.4% lower, RR 0.38, p = 0.51, treatment 1 of 21 (4.8%), control 6 of 91 (6.6%), adjusted, OR converted to RR. time to viral-, 9.6% lower, relative time 0.90, p = 0.04, treatment 73, control 589, time to 2nd negative test. time to viral-, 14.8% lower, relative time 0.85, p = 0.005, treatment 73, control 589, time to 1st negative test. Merzon et al., 2/23/2021, retrospective, Israel, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
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Feb 12	Late	Liu et al., Medicine, doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000024544 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓75.0%, p=0.03	Effect of low-dose aspirin on mortality and viral duration of the hospitalized adults with COVID-19
	Details Retrospective PSM analysis of 232 hospitalized patients, 28 treated with aspirin, showing lower mortality with treatment. There was no significant difference in viral clearance.
Feb 12	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Liu et al., Medicine, doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000024544 (Peer Reviewed)
	Effect of low-dose aspirin on mortality and viral duration of the hospitalized adults with COVID-19
	Retrospective PSM analysis of 232 hospitalized patients, 28 treated with aspirin, showing lower mortality with treatment. There was no significant difference in viral clearance. risk of death, 75.0% lower, RR 0.25, p = 0.03, treatment 2 of 28 (7.1%), control 11 of 204 (5.4%), adjusted, 60 days, KM, PSM. risk of death, 81.0% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.02, treatment 1 of 28 (3.6%), control 9 of 204 (4.4%), adjusted, 30 days, KM, PSM. time to viral-, 1.9% higher, relative time 1.02, p = 0.94, treatment 24, control 24, PSM. Liu et al., 2/12/2021, retrospective, propensity score matching, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
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Feb 11	PrEPPEP	Osborne et al., PloS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246825 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓59.4%, p<0.0001	Association of mortality and aspirin prescription for COVID-19 patients at the Veterans Health Administration
	Details Retrospective PSM analysis of pre-existing aspirin use in the USA, showing lower mortality with treatment.
Feb 11	Details Source PDF Prophylaxis study Prophylaxis study
	Osborne et al., PloS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246825 (Peer Reviewed)
	Association of mortality and aspirin prescription for COVID-19 patients at the Veterans Health Administration
	Retrospective PSM analysis of pre-existing aspirin use in the USA, showing lower mortality with treatment. risk of death, 59.4% lower, RR 0.41, p < 0.001, treatment 272 of 6,300 (4.3%), control 661 of 6,300 (10.5%), OR converted to RR, 30 days, PSM. risk of death, 60.5% lower, RR 0.40, p < 0.001, treatment 170 of 6,814 (2.5%), control 427 of 6,814 (6.3%), OR converted to RR, 14 days, PSM. Osborne et al., 2/11/2021, retrospective, propensity score matching, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
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Jan 21	Late	Meizlish et al., American Journal of Hematology, doi:10.1002/ajh.26102 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓47.8%, p=0.004	Intermediate-dose anticoagulation, aspirin, and in-hospital mortality in COVID-19: A propensity score-matched analysis
	Details Retrospective 638 matched hospitalized patients in the USA, 319 treated with aspirin, showing lower mortality with treatment.
Jan 21	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Meizlish et al., American Journal of Hematology, doi:10.1002/ajh.26102 (Peer Reviewed)
	Intermediate-dose anticoagulation, aspirin, and in-hospital mortality in COVID-19: A propensity score-matched analysis
	Retrospective 638 matched hospitalized patients in the USA, 319 treated with aspirin, showing lower mortality with treatment. risk of death, 47.8% lower, RR 0.52, p = 0.004, treatment 319, control 319, PSM. Meizlish et al., 1/21/2021, retrospective, propensity score matching, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 22 authors.
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Dec 18 2020	PrEPPEP	Yuan et al., Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, doi:10.1111/jcmm.16198 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓4.4%, p=0.89	Mortality and pre-hospitalization use of low-dose aspirin in COVID-19 patients with coronary artery disease
	Details Retrospective 183 hospitalized patients in China, 52 taking low-dose aspirin prior to hospitalization, showing no significant difference with treatment.
Dec 18 2020	Details Source PDF Prophylaxis study Prophylaxis study
	Yuan et al., Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, doi:10.1111/jcmm.16198 (Peer Reviewed)
	Mortality and pre-hospitalization use of low-dose aspirin in COVID-19 patients with coronary artery disease
	Retrospective 183 hospitalized patients in China, 52 taking low-dose aspirin prior to hospitalization, showing no significant difference with treatment. risk of death, 4.4% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.89, treatment 11 of 52 (21.2%), control 29 of 131 (22.1%), OR converted to RR, mutivariate. Yuan et al., 12/18/2020, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
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Sep 9 2020	Late	Alamdari et al., Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 2020, 252, 73-84, doi:10.1620/tjem.252.73 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↑27.7%, p=0.52	Mortality Risk Factors among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in a Major Referral Center in Iran
	Details Retrospective 459 patients in Iran, 53 treated with aspirin, showing no significant difference with treatment.
Sep 9 2020	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Alamdari et al., Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 2020, 252, 73-84, doi:10.1620/tjem.252.73 (Peer Reviewed)
	Mortality Risk Factors among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in a Major Referral Center in Iran
	Retrospective 459 patients in Iran, 53 treated with aspirin, showing no significant difference with treatment. risk of death, 27.7% higher, RR 1.28, p = 0.52, treatment 9 of 53 (17.0%), control 54 of 406 (13.3%). Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis: substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely. Alamdari et al., 9/9/2020, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 14 authors.
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Jul 14 2020	PrEPPEP	Wang et al., Journal of Hematology & Oncology, doi:10.1186/s13045-020-00934-x (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓57.7%, p=0.43	A tertiary center experience of multiple myeloma patients with COVID-19: lessons learned and the path forward
	Details Retrospective 58 multiple myeloma COVID-19 patients in the USA, showing no significant difference with aspirin treatment.
Jul 14 2020	Details Source PDF Prophylaxis study Prophylaxis study
	Wang et al., Journal of Hematology & Oncology, doi:10.1186/s13045-020-00934-x (Peer Reviewed)
	A tertiary center experience of multiple myeloma patients with COVID-19: lessons learned and the path forward
	Retrospective 58 multiple myeloma COVID-19 patients in the USA, showing no significant difference with aspirin treatment. risk of death, 57.7% lower, RR 0.42, p = 0.43, treatment 1 of 9 (11.1%), control 13 of 49 (26.5%), OR converted to RR. Wang et al., 7/14/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 13 authors.
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May 18 2020	PrEPPEP	Huh et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.20089904 (Preprint)	cases, ↓71.0%, p=0.001	Association of previous medications with the risk of COVID-19: a nationwide claims-based study from South Korea
	Details Retrospective database analysis of 65,149 in South Korea, showing significantly lower cases with existing aspirin treatment. The journal version of this paper does not present the aspirin results (only combined results for NSAIDs).
May 18 2020	Details Source PDF Prophylaxis study Prophylaxis study
	Huh et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.20089904 (Preprint)
	Association of previous medications with the risk of COVID-19: a nationwide claims-based study from South Korea
	Retrospective database analysis of 65,149 in South Korea, showing significantly lower cases with existing aspirin treatment. The journal version of this paper does not present the aspirin results (only combined results for NSAIDs). risk of case, 71.0% lower, RR 0.29, p = 0.001, treatment 8 of 543 (1.5%), control 5,164 of 64,606 (8.0%), adjusted. Huh et al., 5/18/2020, retrospective, database analysis, South Korea, Asia, preprint, 10 authors.
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Antiandrogens	(meta)	Metformin	(meta)
Aspirin	(meta)	Molnupiravir	(meta)
Bamlanivimab	(meta)	Nigella Sativa	(meta)
Bromhexine	(meta)	Nitazoxanide	(meta)
Budesonide	(meta)	Paxlovid	(meta)
Casirivimab/i..	(meta)	Povidone-Iod..	(meta)
Colchicine	(meta)	Probiotics	(meta)
Conv. Plasma	(meta)	Proxalutamide	(meta)
Curcumin	(meta)	Quercetin	(meta)
Favipiravir	(meta)	Remdesivir	(meta)
Fluvoxamine	(meta)	Sotrovimab	(meta)
Hydroxychloro..	(meta)	Vitamin A	(meta)
Iota-carragee..	(meta)	Vitamin C	(meta)
Ivermectin	(meta)	Vitamin D	(meta)
Melatonin	(meta)	Zinc	(meta)

Other Treatments		Global Adoption